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P-2602R/RL-DxA Series User’s Guide
Appendix D IP Subnetting 289
Example: Four Subnets
The above example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a class “C” address space
into two subnets. Similarly to divide a class “C” address into four subnets, you need to
“borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations of 00, 01, 10 and 11. The subnet
mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet
contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
6
-2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (all 0’s is the subnet itself, all
1’s is the broadcast address on the subnet).
Table 109 Subnet 1
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 110 Subnet 2
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 111 Subnet 3
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
- P-2602R/RL-DxA Series 1
- Copyright 3
- Certifications 4
- Certifications 5 5
- Safety Warnings 6
- ZyXEL Limited Warranty 7
- Customer Support 8
- Customer Support 9 9
- 10 Customer Support 10
- Table of Contents 11
- Chapter 8 13
- Chapter 9 13
- Chapter 10 14
- Chapter 11 15
- Chapter 12 15
- Chapter 13 16
- 22 Table of Contents 22
- List of Figures 23
- 28 List of Figures 28
- List of Tables 29
- About This User's Guide 33
- Related Documentation 33
- User Guide Feedback 33
- Syntax Conventions 33
- Graphics Icons Key 34
- CHAPTER 1 35
- 1.2 Features 36
- 1.3.1 Internet Access 40
- 1.3.5 LEDs 42
- Table 3 LEDs 43
- CHAPTER 2 45
- Figure 6 Password Screen 46
- 2.1.2 The RESET Button 47
- 2.2.1 Title Bar 48
- 2.2.2 Navigation Panel 49
- 2.2.3 Main Window 51
- 2.2.4 Status Bar 51
- CHAPTER 3 53
- Figure 11 Wizard Welcome 54
- 3.2.1 Manual Configuration 55
- LABEL DESCRIPTION 60
- CHAPTER 4 61
- Figure 22 Select a Mode 62
- Figure 23 Wizard: Welcome 62
- Figure 26 VoIP Wizard Fail 65
- CHAPTER 5 67
- Figure 28 Select a Mode 69
- Figure 29 Wizard: Welcome 69
- CHAPTER 6 73
- 74 Chapter 6 Status Screens 74
- Table 16 Status Screen 74
- Chapter 6 Status Screens 75 75
- 6.2 Any IP Table 76
- 6.3 Packet Statistics 77
- 6.4 VoIP Statistics 78
- Chapter 6 Status Screens 79 79
- Figure 36 VoIP Statistics 79
- Table 19 VoIP Statistics 79
- 80 Chapter 6 Status Screens 80
- CHAPTER 7 81
- 7.1.2 Multiplexing 82
- 7.1.3 VPI and VCI 82
- 7.1.4 IP Address Assignment 83
- 7.1.6 NAT 83
- 7.2 Metric 84
- 7.3 Traffic Shaping 84
- 7.3.1 ATM Traffic Classes 85
- 7.5 Internet Access Setup 86
- Chapter 7 WAN Setup 87 87
- 88 Chapter 7 WAN Setup 88
- Chapter 7 WAN Setup 89 89
- 7.6 WAN More Connections 90
- 7.7 Traffic Redirect 91
- 92 Chapter 7 WAN Setup 92
- 7.8 WAN Backup Setup 93
- Check WAN IP Address 94
- CHAPTER 8 95
- 8.1.2 DHCP Setup 96
- 8.1.3 DNS Server Address 96
- 8.2 LAN TCP/IP 97
- 8.2.2 RIP Setup 98
- 8.2.3 Multicast 99
- 8.2.4 Any IP 99
- 8.2.4.1 How Any IP Works 100
- 8.3 Configuring LAN IP 101
- 102 Chapter 8 LAN Setup 102
- Table 25 Advanced LAN Setup 102
- 8.4 DHCP Setup 103
- 8.5 LAN Client List 104
- Figure 48 LAN Client List 105
- Table 27 LAN Client List 105
- Chapter 8 LAN Setup 105 105
- 8.6 LAN IP Alias 106
- Chapter 8 LAN Setup 107 107
- Table 28 LAN IP Alias 107
- 108 Chapter 8 LAN Setup 108
- CHAPTER 9 109
- 9.1.2 What NAT Does 110
- 9.1.3 How NAT Works 110
- 9.1.4 NAT Application 111
- 9.1.5 NAT Mapping Types 111
- 9.3 NAT General Setup 112
- 9.4 Port Forwarding 113
- Figure 55 Port Forwarding 115
- Table 33 Port Forwarding 116
- 9.5.2 SIP ALG 117
- CHAPTER 10 119
- 10.2.2 SIP Call Progression 120
- 10.2.3 SIP Servers 120
- 10.2.3.1 SIP User Agent 121
- 10.2.3.2 SIP Proxy Server 121
- 10.2.3.3 SIP Redirect Server 122
- 10.3 SIP Settings Screen 123
- 124 Chapter 10 Voice 124
- 10.4 Pulse Code Modulation 125
- 10.5 Voice Coding 125
- 10.8 Custom Tones (IVR) 126
- Chapter 10 Voice 127 127
- 128 Chapter 10 Voice 128
- Chapter 10 Voice 129 129
- 130 Chapter 10 Voice 130
- 10.10.2 DiffServ 131
- 10.10.3 VLAN 132
- 10.10.4 SIP QoS Screen 132
- 10.11 Phone 133
- 10.12 Analog Phone 134
- Chapter 10 Voice 135 135
- > Phone > Common 136
- Chapter 10 Voice 137 137
- Figure 67 Phone > Common 137
- Table 43 Phone > Common 137
- 10.14.1 The Flash Key 138
- Chapter 10 Voice 139 139
- 10.14.3.1 USA Call Hold 140
- 10.14.3.2 USA Call Waiting 140
- 10.14.3.3 USA Call Transfer 140
- 10.15 Phone Region Screen 141
- 10.16 Speed Dial 141
- 10.17 Speed Dial Screen 142
- Chapter 10 Voice 143 143
- 144 Chapter 10 Voice 144
- 10.19 PSTN Line Screen 145
- 146 Chapter 10 Voice 146
- CHAPTER 11 147
- 11.5 Auto Firmware Upgrade 148
- CHAPTER 12 149
- 150 Chapter 12 Firewalls 150
- 12.4 Denial of Service 151
- 12.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks 152
- Chapter 12 Firewalls 153 153
- Figure 74 SYN Flood 153
- 12.4.2.1 ICMP Vulnerability 154
- 12.5 Stateful Inspection 155
- 156 Chapter 12 Firewalls 156
- 12.5.3 TCP Security 157
- 12.5.4 UDP/ICMP Security 157
- 12.5.5 Upper Layer Protocols 158
- 12.6.1 Security In General 158
- 12.7.1 Packet Filtering: 159
- 12.7.2 Firewall 160
- CHAPTER 13 161
- 13.3 Rule Logic Overview 162
- 13.4 Connection Direction 163
- 13.4.1 LAN to WAN Rules 164
- 13.4.2 Alerts 164
- 13.6 Firewall Rules Summary 165
- Figure 78 Firewall Rules 166
- Table 55 Firewall Rules 166
- Address 169
- 13.6.2 Customized Services 170
- 13.7 Example Firewall Rule 171
- 10.0.0.15 on the LAN 174
- 13.8 DoS Thresholds 175
- 13.8.2 Half-Open Sessions 176
- CHAPTER 14 179
- CHAPTER 15 183
- 184 Chapter 15 Static Route 184
- Figure 92 Static Route 184
- Table 63 Static Route 184
- 15.2.1 Static Route Edit 185
- 186 Chapter 15 Static Route 186
- CHAPTER 16 187
- 16.5 Scheduler 188
- Sales: 2048 kbps 189
- Marketing: 2048 kbps 189
- Research: 2048 kbps 189
- 16.7 Configuring Summary 191
- 16.8.1 Rule Configuration 194
- 16.9 Bandwidth Monitor 196
- CHAPTER 17 197
- Figure 99 Dynamic DNS 198
- Table 73 Dynamic DNS 198
- Device and the DDNS server 199
- CHAPTER 18 201
- 18.2 WWW 202
- 18.3 Telnet 203
- 18.4 Configuring Telnet 203
- 18.5 Configuring FTP 204
- 18.6 SNMP 205
- 18.6.1 Supported MIBs 207
- 18.6.2 SNMP Traps 207
- 18.6.3 Configuring SNMP 207
- 18.7 Configuring DNS 209
- 18.8 Configuring ICMP 209
- CHAPTER 19 211
- 19.2 UPnP and ZyXEL 212
- Table 81 Configuring UPnP 213
- Components selection box 214
- Figure 118 System Tray Icon 220
- Network 221
- CHAPTER 20 223
- 224 Chapter 20 System 224
- 20.2 Time Setting 225
- 226 Chapter 20 System 226
- Chapter 20 System 227 227
- 228 Chapter 20 System 228
- CHAPTER 21 229
- 230 Chapter 21 Logs 230
- Figure 125 View Log 230
- Table 84 View Log 230
- Chapter 21 Logs 231 231
- Figure 126 Log Settings 231
- Table 85 Log Settings 231
- 232 Chapter 21 Logs 232
- 21.4 SMTP Error Messages 233
- 234 Chapter 21 Logs 234
- CHAPTER 22 235
- 236 Chapter 22 Tools 236
- Chapter 22 Tools 237 237
- Figure 128 Firmware Upgrade 237
- Table 88 Firmware Upgrade 237
- 22.5 Backup and Restore 238
- 22.5.1 Backup Configuration 239
- 240 Chapter 22 Tools 240
- 22.6 Restart 241
- 244 Chapter 22 Tools 244
- Chapter 22 Tools 245 245
- 22.9.3 TFTP File Upload 246
- Chapter 22 Tools 247 247
- 248 Chapter 22 Tools 248
- CHAPTER 23 249
- 250 Chapter 23 Diagnostic 250
- 252 Chapter 23 Diagnostic 252
- CHAPTER 24 253
- 24.3 Problems with the WAN 254
- Figure 143 Pop-up Blocker 256
- Figure 145 Internet Options 258
- 24.4.1.2 JavaScripts 259
- 3 Scroll down to Scripting 260
- 24.4.1.3 Java Permissions 261
- 24.4.1.3.1 JAVA (Sun) 262
- 24.5 Telephone Problems 263
- 24.6.1 Outgoing Calls 264
- 24.6.2 Incoming Calls 265
- Appendix A 267
- Product Specifications 267
- Power Adaptor Specifications 269
- APPENDIX B 271
- APPENDIX C 273
- Installing Components 274
- Configuring 275
- Windows 2000/NT/XP 276
- Verifying Settings 280
- Macintosh OS 8/9 281
- Macintosh OS X 282
- APPENDIX D 285
- Subnet Masks 286
- Subnetting 286
- Example: Two Subnets 287
- 288 Appendix D IP Subnetting 288
- Table 107 Subnet 1 288
- Table 108 Subnet 2 288
- Example: Four Subnets 289
- Example Eight Subnets 290
- Appendix D IP Subnetting 291 291
- 292 Appendix D IP Subnetting 292
- Appendix E 293
- Services 293
- 294 Appendix E Services 294
- Appendix E Services 295 295
- 296 Appendix E Services 296
- APPENDIX F 297
- APPENDIX G 299
- IP Aliasing 300
- Gateways on the WAN Side 301
- 302 Appendix G Triangle Route 302
- APPENDIX H 303
- Table 119 System Error Logs 304
- Table 121 TCP Reset Logs 305
- Table 123 ICMP Logs 305
- Table 124 CDR Logs 306
- Table 125 PPP Logs 306
- Table 126 UPnP Logs 307
- Table 128 Attack Logs 307
- Table 129 802.1X Logs 308
- Table 130 ACL Setting Notes 309
- Table 131 ICMP Notes 309
- Table 132 Syslog Logs 310
- Table 133 SIP Logs 310
- Log Commands 312
- Displaying Logs 313
- Log Command Example 314
- APPENDIX I 315
- APPENDIX J 317
- Table 141 Menu 3 320
- Table 143 Menu 12 325
- Command Examples 340
- Index 343 343
- 344 Index 344
- Index 345 345
- 346 Index 346
- Index 347 347
- 348 Index 348
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